Chapter 1 Introduction: “Is that a real subject?”
Chapter 2 Underpinnings I: Good vibrations
2.1.1 Linearity and sine waves
2.2 Frequency analysis and modes
2.2.1 Fourier series
2.2.2 The undamped harmonic oscillator
2.2.3 Linearity for small vibration
2.2.4 Degenerate modes of a drum
2.2.5 Vibration frequency response
2.2.6 Frequency spectrum of a hammer tap
2.2.7 Vibration damping
2.2.8 Impulse response and convolution
Chapter 3 When does a structure become a musical instrument?
3.1 Harmonics and non-harmonics
3.1.1 Vibration of an ideal stretched string
3.2 Building blocks: beams, plates and shells
3.2.1 Bending beams and free-free modes
3.2.2 Synthesising percussion sounds
3.2.3 Plate vibration
3.2.4 The modal density of a vibrating plate
3.2.5 Rayleigh’s principle
3.3.1 Rayleigh’s principle and tuning a marimba bar
3.4 Church bells
3.5 Steel pans and the musical saw
3.5.1 Time-average holography
3.5.2 Waveguide reflection: the beam on an elastic foundation
3.6 Tuned drums
3.6.1 Vibration modes of a circular drum
Chapter 4 Underpinnings II: Making waves
4.1 Sound waves
4.1.1 The wave equation
4.1.2 The sound field of a pulsating sphere
4.1.3 Energy, intensity and impedance
4.1.4 Introduction to vector calculus
4.2.1 The Helmholtz resonator
4.2.2 Coupling of a Helmholtz resonator and a body mode
4.2.3 The Webster horn equation
4.2.4 Weinreich’s formula for modal density
4.3 Sound radiation
4.3.1 Monopoles and dipoles
4.3.2 The Rayleigh integral and the baffled piston
4.3.3 The critical frequency of a vibrating plate
Chapter 5 Strings, mainly plucked
5.1 Stringed instrument overview
5.1.1 Averaging and the coherence function
5.1.2 Coupling a string to the instrument body
5.2.1 Merit index for soundboard material selection
5.3 Signature modes and formants
5.3.1 The bridge hill: a resonator near the driving point
5.3.2 Skudrzyk’s method
5.4 Synthesising plucked string sounds
5.4.1 Motion of a plucked string as a modal sum
5.4.2 Waves on a string: d’Alembert’s solution
5.4.3 Natural frequencies of a stiff string
5.4.4 Energy loss in a string: internal damping
5.4.5 Energy loss in a string: air damping
5.4.6 Frequency responses for string synthesis
5.5 An extreme case: the banjo
5.5.1 The “square banjo” model
5.5.2 Housekeeping variables in the banjo synthesis models
5.5.3 Testing different bridges
5.5.4 Testing different banjo necks
Chapter 6 Underpinnings III: Hearing things
6.1 “It’s science, but not as we know it”
6.3 Loudness
6.4 Pitch, timbre and excitation patterns
Chapter 7 Variations for strings
7.1 The world of struck and plucked strings
7.2 Choosing strings
7.2.1 Selection chart algebra
7.2.2 The damping criterion for string selection
7.3 Multiple strings and double decays
7.3.1 Coupling of damped systems and the first-order method
7.4 Add a touch of nonlinearity…
7.4.1 Nonlinearity and longitudinal string motion
Chapter 8 Underpinnings IV: Nonlinearity
8.1 “It’s not a bug, it’s a feature”
8.2 Sources of nonlinearity: smooth and non-smooth
8.2.1 The simple pendulum
8.2.2 Duffing’s equation and harmonic balance
8.2.3 The friction damper
8.3.1 Stability of equilibrium for the pendulum
8.3.2 Singular points and their phase portraits
8.3.3 Singular points of Duffing’s equation
8.4 Chaos!
8.4.1 The Lorenz equations
8.4.2 The double pendulum
8.5.1 The Van der Pol equation
8.5.2 Harmonic balance for a simplified reed instrument
8.5.3 Time-domain simulation of the clarinet
Chapter 9 Bowed strings
9.1 On the shoulders of giants: Helmholtz and Raman
9.1.1 Bridge-force sensor for bowed strings
9.1.2 Raman’s argument for bowed-string waveforms
9.2 Beyond Helmholtz
9.2.1 Time domain simulation of a bowed string
9.3 How a violinist can go wrong: Schelleng’s diagram
9.3.1 Schelleng’s bow force limits
9.3.2 The Galluzzo bowing machine
9.4 Chasing the wolf
9.4.1 Including a body resonance in a reflection function
9.4.2 Measuring minimum bow force
9.4.3 The tuned-mass damper
9.5 Getting that perfect start: Guettler’s diagram
9.5.1 Raman’s bowed-string model
9.5.2 Bells and whistles for bowed string simulation
9.5.3 Torsional string motion
9.6 Friction and rosin: a sticky problem
9.6.1 The Schumacher experiment
9.6.2 Varieties of thermal friction model
9.7.1 The centre of percussion
9.7.2 Simple model of bow bouncing
9.7.3 Simulating a finite-width bow
Chapter 10 Underpinnings V: Getting your hands dirty
10.1 Why to measure?
10.1.1 Dimensional analysis
10.2.1 Micrographs of wood structure
10.3 Wood: properties and measurement
10.3.1 Measuring stiffness by beam vibration
10.3.2 Measuring stiffness by plate vibration
10.3.3 Material damping and complex moduli
10.4 Measuring frequency response functions
10.4.1 Measuring input impedance of a wind instrument
10.4.2 Frequency response measurement: hints and tips
10.5 Experimental modal analysis
10.5.1 Poles, circles and modal fitting
10.6 Seeing acoustic fields and fluid flows
10.6.1 Nearfield acoustic holography
Chapter 11 Blow, winds
11.1 The world of wind instruments
11.1.1 Input impedance of a cylindrical pipe
11.1.2 Reflection at a single tone-hole
11.1.3 The end correction of a single tone-hole
11.1.4 Bore perturbation and Rayleigh’s principle
11.2 Fluid phenomena
11.2.1 Overview of fluid dynamics
11.3 Reed instruments
11.3.0 Summary of bowed-string behaviour
11.3.1 Modelling the clarinet mouthpiece
11.3.2 Impedance, impulse response and the reflection function
11.3.3 Impedance of a conical tube
UNDER CONSTRUCTION…
11.4 Reeds II: towards the real world
11.4.1 Modal expansion of input impedance
11.4.2 Modal fitting and modal synthesis
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